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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.[1] Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems, and problems with hearing or seeing.[1][2] Those affected are more likely to have trouble in school, legal problems, participate in high-risk behaviors, and have trouble with alcohol or other drugs.[3] The most severe form of the condition is known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).[1] Other types include partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD).[1][4]
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy.[1] Surveys from the United States have found about 10% of pregnant women have drunk alcohol in the last month, and 20% to 30% drank at some point during the pregnancy.[5] About 4.7% of North American women who are pregnant have alcoholism.[6] The risk of problems depends on the amount consumed and the frequency of consumption as well as when during pregnancy the alcohol is consumed.[5] Other risk factors include an older mother, smoking, and poor diet.[5] There is no known safe amount or safe time to drink during pregnancy.[1][7] While drinking small amounts of alcohol does not cause abnormalities in the face, it may cause behavioral issues.[6] Alcohol crosses the blood brain barrier and both directly and indirectly affects a developing baby.[8] Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in the person.[1]
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are preventable by avoiding alcohol.[9] For this reason, medical authorities recommend no alcohol during pregnancy or while trying to become pregnant.[10][11][12] While the condition is permanent, treatment can improve outcomes.[1][13] Interventions may include parent-child interaction therapy, efforts to modify child behavior, and possibly medications.[14]
FASD is estimated to affect between 2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe.[15] FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1000 live births in the United States.[15] In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%.[4] The negative effects of alcohol during pregnancy have been described since ancient times.[4] The lifetime cost per child with FAS was $2,000,000 in 2002.[15] The term fetal alcohol syndrome was first used in 1973.[4]
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.[1] Problems may include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, low intelligence, behavior problems, and problems with hearing or seeing.[1][2] Those affected are more likely to have trouble in school, legal problems, participate in high-risk behaviors, and have trouble with alcohol or other drugs.[3] The most severe form of the condition is known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).[1] Other types include partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) and alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD).[1][4]
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy.[1] Surveys from the United States have found about 10% of pregnant women have drunk alcohol in the last month, and 20% to 30% drank at some point during the pregnancy.[5] About 4.7% of North American women who are pregnant have alcoholism.[6] The risk of problems depends on the amount consumed and the frequency of consumption as well as when during pregnancy the alcohol is consumed.[5] Other risk factors include an older mother, smoking, and poor diet.[5] There is no known safe amount or safe time to drink during pregnancy.[1][7] While drinking small amounts of alcohol does not cause abnormalities in the face, it may cause behavioral issues.[6] Alcohol crosses the blood brain barrier and both directly and indirectly affects a developing baby.[8] Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms in the person.[1]
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are preventable by avoiding alcohol.[9] For this reason, medical authorities recommend no alcohol during pregnancy or while trying to become pregnant.[10][11][12] While the condition is permanent, treatment can improve outcomes.[1][13] Interventions may include parent-child interaction therapy, efforts to modify child behavior, and possibly medications.[14]
FASD is estimated to affect between 2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe.[15] FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1000 live births in the United States.[15] In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%.[4] The negative effects of alcohol during pregnancy have been described since ancient times.[4] The lifetime cost per child with FAS was $2,000,000 in 2002.[15] The term fetal alcohol syndrome was first used in 1973.[4]
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